In this guide, we analyse sustainable tourism.
具體來說，我們看看它是什麼，舉例說明旅遊如何變得更加可持續，可持續旅遊方法的利弊以及可持續旅遊方式compares to conventional and mass tourism。
Summary – Sustainable Tourism
Importance Of The Tourism Industry
Overall as an industry, tourism has a significant economic value to the world economy, and billions of tourists travel every year.
So, it’s an important industry – especially in countries where tourism is one of, or the most valuable industry to the economy.
什麼可持續旅遊涉及
可持續旅遊的概念涉及納入可持續旅遊實踐，旨在改善短期和長期environmental, economic and social impact of tourism, for all tourism stakeholders
Sustainable Tourism vs Conventional Tourism vs Mass Tourism
Compared to conventional and mass tourism，可持續旅遊可能會更加注重環境和現場退化，資源使用和環境足跡等問題，以及旅遊對地區當地人類和生態係統的影響
Examples Of Sustainable Tourism
A few examples of sustainable tourism include but aren’t limited to:
– Restricting/limiting tourist numbers at the most popular tourism destinations
- 為維護旅遊景點分配資金
– Making ‘green’ improvements to tourism transport and accomodation
- 支持和/或促進為業務中參與的人類或動物提供有保證級別的旅遊業務（有一個例子是道德或人道的大象庇護所）
實施可持續旅遊實踐的挑戰
A number of tourism destinations and stakeholders around the world have taken action to implement policies, rules and behavioral requirements, based around the concept of more sustainable tourism in those destinations
However, what several sources point out is that there’s been no significant progress on sustainable tourism in general
A lack of financial resources (in the form of financial investment and funding), and organisation/collaboration between stakeholders, are a few of the leading reasons for this
So, there can be various challenges when implementing sustainable tourism practices
Potential Corporate Incentive For More Sustainable Tourism
On a positive note, results from other industries shows that investing in sustainability can have a number of benefits for companies and brands.
因此，可持續旅遊可能在某些情況下具有企業激勵。
Sustainability in business in general has it’s own potential pros and consto consider
What Is Sustainable Tourism?
可持續旅遊的概念涉及納入可持續旅遊實踐，旨在改善短期和長期environmental, economic and social impact旅遊，為所有旅遊利益相關者
Stakeholders include but aren’t limited to travellers/tourists, locals and local communities (their rights, and their culture and customs), tourism workers, tourism companies and tourism industry businesses, third parties, the government, the environment, and animals and wildlife.
旅遊業包括什麼？
旅遊涉及在觀光，旅行或去度假時離開房子的一切。
It involves both domestic and international tourism.
It includes but isn’t limited to specific things like:
- 旅行和運輸等汽車和飛機
– Accomodation
- 以及在旅遊目的地（或目的地）的方式上進行的任何活動（或生產和消費）
The Economic Importance Of The Tourism Industry
Number Of People That Travel Each Year
Billions of people travel every year.
In 2016, more than 1.2 billion people travelled as tourists internationally, and another 6 billion people travelled domestically (1millionwomen.com.au)
Economic Contribution Of Tourism Industry
Tourism as an industry plays an important role in the world economy in terms of total revenue, employment, income, and projected growth. In some countries, tourism is the largest industry in the economy.
旅遊業的就業可能在全球數百萬數百萬。
Contributed revenue might be in the trillions worldwide.
A few stats that illustrate this are:
From traveller.com.au: ‘[tourism is a] $US8.8 billion industry [that] sustains 319 million jobs [or] 10 per cent of all the jobs in the world (traveller.com.au)
It generates more than $2.1tn in annual revenues (theguardian.com)
Tourism provides both local and external employment, and puts money in the pockets of local citizens and governments (though admittedly, not all of this money always stays in the local economy)
[Tourist arrivals are also only expected to increase in the future, making tourism one of the fastest growing industries in the world] (theboar.org)
[The tourism industry is expected to grow] by an estimated 4% on average annually in the next 10 years.
Impact Of Recent World Events on Tourism
COVID has had an economic impact on tourism.
Variables like border restrictions and entry requirements might impact the tourism industry in the future too.
可持續旅遊的潛在利弊
Pros
- 側重於短期和長期需求，並希望僅與短期相反
– Places a balanced focus on the economic, environmental (including environmental degradation, and resource management) and social aspects of tourism, instead of just the profit motive or individual wants
– More travellers are becoming aware of sustainable tourism, andthe potential impact of purchasing from companies with sustainable practices
- 一些旅遊目的地已經在地方擁有可持續發展實踐
– …the business case for sustainability旅遊業的企業責任同比增長更強大[企業的幾個福利，也適用於將錢捐贈給他們的消費者]（Weforum.org）
Cons
– Progress on sustainable tourism right now, according to several reports, is not significant
- 有些人認為可持續旅遊總體上具有重大挑戰和局限，影響可持續旅遊如何最終成為未來
– Sustainable tourism means different things to different people, which can make it hard to collaborate or consolidate on any one indicator
– Sustainable tourism as an issue happens at many different geographic points, and not just in one place or activity.
This can make it much harder to gather data on, track, and address compared to other issues.
It can also make collaboration and organisation more challenging
- 現在，可能沒有足夠的資源，資金和數據收集致力於解決可持續旅遊（來自各國政府和私人資金來源）
– A potential conflict of interest with sustainable tourism is incentivizing tourism related production and consumption (which flows to other areas of the economy), whilst also minimizing negative environmental and social impact.
It can be challenging to get this balance right.
– Sustainable tourism can be more expensive for travellers for the service or product offered, or because of requirements of the travel destination – this reduces how far a traveller’s disposable income can go, and can price out some lower income travellers
– Some argue that some approaches to sustainable tourism are flawed and question how effective they are – for example, decision makers should focus on how to reduce per capita impact, rather than outright trying to restrict the total number of visitors.
在努力實現經濟目標的旅遊產量時，可以說也是如此
– Technology like the internet has made it easier for the consumer to drive prices down with price comparisons between competing travel providers.
This drives down the available money for these companies to invest in sustainability, and also makes higher priced sustainable tourism look less desirable
Potential Pros & Cons Of Regular Tourism (Conventional, & Mass Tourism)
Pros
- 遊客和旅行者可以自由地追求自己的個人需求和需求（有助於幸福和滿意，以及一係列其他個人福利）
– Companies and other stakeholders who receive economic benefits from tourism are free to pursue their own wants and needs
– There’s a significant positive impact on the economy from regular tourism – in terms of revenue and GDP generated and contributed, number of people employed and receiving an income, and flow on economic stimulus, development (especially from domestic and international investment) and opportunity in tourism affected areas
Cons
– No emphasis on protecting the environment and ecosystems from a certain level of degradation.
Overcrowding/congestion, saturation, mass tourism and lax regulations can lead to more stress being placed on the environment in one area
– Environmental issues that may get worse as a result of unsustainable tourism might include greenhouse gas emissions, hard waste generation, different forms of waste pollution – air pollution, water pollution, hard waste pollution, habitat destruction, and impact on local wildlife
- 無需強調可持續管理資源（特別是稀缺資源） - 這可能導致資源短缺或對當地人資源的增加和波動性。
在一些國家的水和土地往往是稀缺的 - 必須詢問問題是否涉及這些類型的旅遊資源是最好使用這些資源。
Hotels in particular can be big users of water and electricity
– Further to the above point, basic services and cost of living can be impacted for locals.
當更多房主為旅行者提供旅行者的家庭增加夜間價格時，這可以放置住房和租用當地人，他們可能沒有經濟實惠的住房。
土地，食品，水，住房，運輸/燃料和基礎設施都在旅遊相關活動中使用和消費
- 不強調當地人口和社區的社會和文化權利和需求
– There’s no guarantee that money spent on tourism stays within the local area where a popular tourism destination is – there’s some reports that up to 80% of the money spent in some areas leaks out of the local economy.
This is called leakage and could be argued as a strong point against modern models of tourism in some areas.
The tourism in this case could be benefitting external parties that don’t have to deal with the negative impact the tourism is having on the local area.
關於在當地社區內保持財富的主題 - “......通常隻有5-10％的錢遊客在他們訪問的目的地仍然存在於他們訪問的目的地”（Weforum.org）
– Who the money goes to is also in question – some sources indicate that it’s mostly large transnational companies that reap the financial rewards from more commercialized tourism, and not a wider range of more independent parties
- [即使是為]當地人創建了工作時，他們[也可以]進入級別和低支付的向上移動（Weforum.org）
——更多的商品化和競爭urism products and services become, the more they result in lower margins for tourism businesses – negating some of the economic benefits.
There’s also only so many products and services that can be offered in some places, leading to saturation and hard caps on how many people can make money
– As an area developments, existing natural environments and habitats can be cleared to make way for buildings and infrastructure
– Some new developments are poorly designed or constructed, and end up a long term liability or detractor in the area
- 政府可以花費納稅人的錢來讓他們的國家和城市獲得來自旅遊的經濟獎勵，但對於大規模旅遊或不受管製的旅遊的真正長期影響可能很小。
對於在未經潛在的真實成本和長期成本的情況下，可以說是同樣的利於提升的製定者和決定製造商
– Third party industries like media and online content and influencers help promote travel with no accountability for the end result
– Local and indigenous communities can sometimes be displaced by new development
– External companies and stakeholders can get access to prime real estate over locals
- 大規模旅遊[可以導致生活質量和訪客經驗的質量[to] deterioate（weforum.org）
- 旅遊業可以大量商業化，因為它變得更便宜到旅行和更容易獲得，有些人認為一些遊客對旅遊和旅遊目的地的態度可以是他們並不像他們那樣重視它們，或者以盡可能多的尊重
– Mass tourism can lead to a worse experience for the tourist, but also a worse daily life for locals
如何使旅遊更可持續 - 可持續旅遊實踐的例子
以下是各種實踐列表，每個實踐都可以使旅遊更加可持續，以及個人：
– Local communities might take on more accountability to put in place regulations, guidelines, barriers to entry, and plans that help protect and preserve their local communities and areas.
努力和資源也必須把into enforcing these regulations, guidelines and plans too
- 旅遊業和旅遊公司可能會責任“支付”，或者投資入“他們經常最常見的目的地，以幫助維護它們
– Consumers have to take on some responsibility to reward sustainable tourism service providers.
例如，他們可能支持不利用動物的企業，或讓動物以旅遊名稱遭受遭受的影響
They might choose ethical or humane businesses, such as ethical elephant sanctuaries
這些服務可能會有更高的成本
– Since impact and accountability is shared by various stakeholders, there needs to be more collaboration, possibly through private, public and community partnerships.
This involves the government, consumers, local communities, tourism workers, tourism companies and tourism industry businesses, and third parties
- 提高/促進旅行者和企業可持續旅遊實踐的更大意識
- 在峰值期間旅行
——到小城市和城鎮,農村地區,and less crowded and less popular destinations
– Try to spend money with local, and/or small or independent companies and business owners compared to big commercial companies
- 限製年度訪客人數，限製基於每個訪客人數的影響的訪客，限製大規模開發，收取訪客稅和費用，或完全禁止探訪
- 旅遊旅行的數量，旅行長度可以考慮到旅遊足跡
– The number of tourists going on a trip together can decrease the footprint of things such as transport and accomodation if they share rooms and vehicles
– Key issues that needs better a better approach are how to manage growing visitor numbers, address changing traveller expectations and shape and improve both visitor and host experiences (weforum.org)
- 更好的數據收集，跟蹤和報告與旅遊業的可持續發展問題，以及更好的資金和資源投資進入這一點
– Limiting litter in the most popular tourism destinations
– Try to stay at accommodation with sustainable ratings
– Respect local cultures and traditions
– Consider how to lower your tourism related resource usage, and environmental footprints
- 考慮到自然目的地的低影響程度，喜歡湖泊，並在船和車輛上使用獨木舟和自行車，並將這些目的地留在你發現的條件下。在訪問後清理該地區，而且在那裏不要汙染。
如何＆何種可持續旅遊實踐已經實施
Weforum.org lists a number of popular travel destinations that have implemented sustainable practices related to tourism
A few examples are Cinque Terre, Zion National Park and Machu Picchu limiting the number of annual visitors
theconversation.com also notes how the climbing of Uluru in Australia was banned in 2019 out of respect for the region’s traditional owners
The Current State Of Progress On Sustainable Tourism
In summary – several sources indicate that there is yet to be any significant progress on sustainability in tourism up until this point in time.
It’s possible that individual businesses might be offering sustainable tourism services, but, the tourism industry as a whole might not have implemented sustainable services as a standard, or made significant progress with making them standard.
From the information below, it’s clear that there might be clear issues such as better profits/returns, and other issues, that might need to be addressed in order for sustainable tourism to be more widely adopted.
Weforum.org perhaps indicates that as of 2017, sustainable tourism is not gaining a lot of momentum:
[As of 2017] 50% of World Heritage sites … [did] not have tourism management plans in place to prevent the negative impacts of tourism
– [Right now, there is no] single organization is achieving success at scale [and] the cumulative impact is significantly smaller than what is necessary and achievable
– … like ecotourism, sustainable tourism has become virtually meaningless as it is often tied to cursory efforts, which are very limited, rather than organization-wide commitments, strategies, and actions
......有很少的旅遊業相關的公司和目的地將可持續性融入其運營DNA [，而且甚至更少的是投資保護他們的業務的目的地
– The problems posed by tourism are … growing so fast that we can’t address them (weforum.org)
Weforum.org also provides a summary of where the tourism industry might be at overall with implementing sustainability:
– Overall, the tourism sector’s commitment to sustainable development is decidedly weak [which stems from a need for growth, profit, short sighted planning and development, a need to make returns for shareholders, and politicians needing to get re-elected]
… This is surprising given that the business case for sustainability and corporate responsibility in tourism is growing stronger year-on-year [with several benefits for businesses, but also for consumers that give their money to them]
旅遊業如何可持續發展？
Some say that there is a certain % of the impact of tourism that is inevitable from the industry.
有了這種情況，有人認為某些水平的負麵旅遊相關影響基本上鎖定或不可能避免。
This is a similar sustainability principle to基本，不可替代資源的資源效率的潛在限製。
Even if there aren’t negative implications for certain activities, there might be limitations on how effective sustainability practices can be.
例如：
- 你無法控製人們的欲望和想要旅行
– There’s only so many people you can fit on a plane (to average out a plane travel footprint per passenger)
– There’s only so many people you can fit in a vehicle (to average out a car travel footprint per passenger)
– There’s only so many people you can put in accomodation at a time (to average out things like shared electricity, water use, etc. that might be saved compared to two people staying in two separate rooms)
– Resource use and waste generation are inevitable
– Impact on the local community and local sites is also inevitable
– Even if you restrict travel to some sites, people may find alternate/new sites and overcrowd them
– Even if tourism plans and regulations are put in place, how are external factors like population growth orhuman overpopulationmanaged in the future?
– How do you decide who gets access to the most popular tourist spots in the world in the event tourist numbers are restricted to certain spots? If it becomes based on money, lower income travellers may miss out.
- 強製執行可持續旅遊，通常需要增加支出和資源 - 以及許多城市和城鎮，或公司和旅客可能無法負擔這些增加的成本
- ......業界基於有限且有限的景點，或者可訪問的地方富含風景美容或文化（Guardian.com）。從這個稀缺的起始地點工作，很難看出最受歡迎的目的地如何獲得更多可持續性
Sources
1. https://www.traveller.com.au/ethical-travel-20-issue-every-traveller-needs-to-be-across-h1ho3w
2. https://theboar.org/2020/02/sustainable-tourism/
3. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/the-growth-paradox-can-tourism-ever-be-sustainable/
4. https://theconversation.com/why-we-are-banning-tours- from-climbing-uluru-86755.
5. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/six-reasons-mass-tourism-不適應
6. https://www.1millionwomen.com.au/blog/sustainable-tourism-not-working-heres-how-we-can-change/
7. https://visit.org/blog/en/what-is-sustainable-tourism/
8. https://sustainabletourism.net/
9. https://theconversation.com/sustainable-tourism-is-not-working-heres-how-we-can-change-that-76018
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourism